解放軍文職招聘考試2009年考研英語真題和答案-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-06-14 23:00:022009年考研英語真題和答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual 7 instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd, William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word habit carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder, says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. But we are taught instead to decide, just as our president calls himself the Decider. She adds, however, that to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.All of us work through problems in ways of which we re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. This breaks the major rule in the American belief system that anyone can do anything, explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will... and Ms. Markova s business partner. That s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence. This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casual B. familiar C. mechanical D. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predicted B. regulated C. traced D. guided23. ruts (in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracks B. series C. characteristics D. connections24. Ms. Markova s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom or at least confirm that he s the kid s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing, says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don t force it. After all, that s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn t constrain the ability of the developing world s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was So much important attached to intellectual pursuits According to many books and articles, New England s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people. One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . Our main end was to catch fish.36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture known as functionalism became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the survival of the fittest, in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world"s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. White pollution is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Section I Use of English1 5 BADBC 6 10 ADCBD11 15 DBCDA 16 20 CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21 25 ABCAA 26 30 ACDAB31 35 DBBAC 36 40 BBDACPart B41 45 CEABGPart C46. 可以說，任何社會(huì)制度的價(jià)值在于它對擴(kuò)大和改進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面的影響，但是這種影響并不是它原來的動(dòng)機(jī)的一部分。47. 一種制度的副產(chǎn)品，只是逐步被注意到的，而這種效果被視為實(shí)施這種制度的一個(gè)指導(dǎo)性因素更加緩慢得多。48. 在和他們接觸的時(shí)候，雖然容易忽略我們的行動(dòng)對他們的傾向的影響，但是也不像與成年人打交道那么簡單。49. 既然我們的主要任務(wù)在于使年輕人參與共同生活，我們禁不住考慮我們是否在形成獲得這種能力的力量。50. 因此，我們可以在上面所考慮的廣闊的教育過程之內(nèi)區(qū)別出一種比較正規(guī)的教育，即直接的教導(dǎo)或?qū)W校教育。Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. 應(yīng)用文參考范文Dear editor，I am writing this letter to advise you of the pressing situation we are facing now. As we know, being accustomed to using plastic bag in our daily life, some of us still take the white pollution for granted. Plastic bag has become the indispensible part of our life, and the white pollution now is a ubiquitous phenomenon, which greatly worsens our environment.To save the situation from further aggravating, I would like to suggest that: firstly, our government should make a set of laws to punish the groups and individuals who are still polluting the environment; secondly, new technologies should be used to produce degradable and renewable materials; thirdly, the local media can make full use of its own influence to intensify the publicity in order to enhance people s awareness of environment.I hope that my suggestions are helpful, thank you for your attention!Sincerely yours，Li MingPart B52. 短文寫作參考范文In the drawing, what first appears in front of us is a huge spider web, on which innumerable people are attached, like the catch of the owner of the web. What is more ironic is they are imprisoned in respective cabins, choosing contacting on line rather than communicating face to face.There is no doubt that the Internet provides us with considerable convenience. However, it drives too many individuals to be addicted to the fictional experience, and hence forget the traditional and most efficient communication method. Indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in the modern world. The following reasons may be contribute to the phenomenon. To begin with, people in mounting numbers, who are vividly called netters, indulge in on-line activities, because science and technology develops too fast for people to adapt to it. The Internet, in particular, moving forward with an unimaginable speed, provides people with a convenient tool of getting in touch with others, which lacks weighing its correctness. Moreover, the fierce competition also plays a role of forcing people to fear the situation, which results in people s habit of wallowing in the unreal world.Hence, it is the high time that we highlighted the imperative of face-to-face communication between people. The joint efforts of the specialists, the netters and the educators are needed to cultivate the whole society with the essentiality. Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of the relationship among individuals.
解放軍文職招聘考試矛盾的普遍性和特殊性的辯證關(guān)系-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-08-16 12:21:28毛澤東同志認(rèn)為矛盾的普遍性和特殊性的關(guān)系是矛盾問題的精髓，不懂得它就有拋棄辯證法的危險(xiǎn)。1.矛盾普遍性和特殊性相互區(qū)別。它們的區(qū)別表現(xiàn)在，矛盾的普遍性是共性，具有絕對性，特殊性是個(gè)性，具有相對性；矛盾的普遍性比特殊性深刻，特別性比普遍性豐富。特別性、個(gè)性不可能全部進(jìn)入共性、普遍性，否則世界就喪失了自己的豐富性、個(gè)體性。2.矛盾的普遍性和特殊性相互聯(lián)系。矛盾的普遍性和特殊性是矛盾的兩面，任何一個(gè)事物都是矛盾普遍性和特殊性的統(tǒng)一。矛盾的共性、普遍性存在于個(gè)性特殊性之中，個(gè)性中必然 包含共性，以共性為本質(zhì)。個(gè)性是共性的基礎(chǔ)，共性是個(gè)性的本質(zhì)。個(gè)性的基礎(chǔ)地位不能抹煞，共性的本質(zhì)特征也不可忽視。3.矛盾的普遍性和特殊性在一定條件下相互轉(zhuǎn)化。在一個(gè)較大范圍內(nèi)是特殊性的東西，在較小的范圍內(nèi)就轉(zhuǎn)化為普遍性的東西，反之亦然。如階級矛盾在整個(gè)人類歷史中是特殊性的 矛盾，在階級社會(huì)中就轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槠毡樾缘拿?。但是，就整個(gè)世界來說普遍性就是普遍性，它向特殊性的轉(zhuǎn)化是指它可以表現(xiàn)為特殊性，特殊性可以實(shí)現(xiàn)普遍性，實(shí)現(xiàn)是部分的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
解放軍文職招聘考試考研短文寫作總論-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育
（1）考官閱卷規(guī)律考研作文的讀者是閱卷考官，因此充分掌握考官的閱讀和評分心理是我們制勝的一大法寶。那么，閱卷考官在評分過程中都會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出什么樣的特點(diǎn)呢？具體的注意事項(xiàng)總結(jié)如下：（2）英文作文的行文特點(diǎn)和思維模式美國一位著名的語言學(xué)家Kaplan曾經(jīng)在20世紀(jì)70年代作過一項(xiàng)關(guān)于在美國的本土學(xué)生、亞洲學(xué)生和阿拉伯學(xué)生在寫英文作文中體現(xiàn)出的思維方式及其背后的文化影響的調(diào)查，并發(fā)表了一篇著名的論文，提出了三種思維模式引發(fā)的寫作模型。雖然考研作文的閱卷考官們大部分都是中國人，但是他們的英語水平都很高、造詣也很深，對于英文的行文規(guī)律了如指掌。因此，考生要盡量學(xué)會(huì)英文的寫作模式，尤其要重視主題句的作用。簡單來說，英文議論文的行文有以下特點(diǎn)：1、結(jié)構(gòu)分明、意圖明確。2、扣緊主題、切勿離題。3、句子不必過長，嚴(yán)防語法錯(cuò)誤。4、適量引用名人名言、成語諺語。5、用清晰的語言指出問題。6、使用更多的連接詞。（3）圖畫作文和圖表作文的寫作策略我們認(rèn)為，接下來幾年的研究生考試中，圖畫作文出現(xiàn)的概率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于圖表作文?？忌匾晥D畫作文的能力訓(xùn)練，但是也不能完全忽略圖表作文。下文將具體闡述應(yīng)對這兩種作文形式的要點(diǎn)和攻略。一、圖畫+提綱作文圖畫作文往往給出的是一幅簡潔明了的照片、圖片或者漫畫，要求考生將圖畫轉(zhuǎn)變成為文字形式。盡管中國學(xué)生從小學(xué)開始就接受了看圖作文的系統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練，但是我們不能因此掉以輕心。首先，英文看圖作文和中文看圖作文的模式和思維體系是不同的。其次，考研作文的圖畫選擇都是含有豐富的寓意的，對考生提出了 把握寓意、聯(lián)系現(xiàn)實(shí)、深刻思考、豐富表達(dá) 等一系列較高的要求。我們認(rèn)為攻克圖畫作文的關(guān)鍵在于仔細(xì)分析、觀察細(xì)節(jié)。雖然考研寫作時(shí)間非常緊張，但是花2-3分鐘細(xì)心觀察圖畫是具有決定性意義的。觀察圖畫的同時(shí)可以在草稿紙上作相應(yīng)的筆記：1、寫出你認(rèn)為圖畫中反映的是一個(gè)什么樣的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和問題；2、簡單寫下圖畫中的一些細(xì)節(jié)，如2001年作文中的蠟燭燭光是以一個(gè)笑臉的形式體現(xiàn)出來的。迅速分析這些細(xì)節(jié)，標(biāo)明哪些是重點(diǎn)、哪些是次重點(diǎn)、哪些無關(guān)緊要，在寫作的時(shí)候便能夠自如把握需要詳細(xì)描述的信息。3、查漏補(bǔ)缺。檢查是否有遺漏的信息，因?yàn)樵绞呛唵蔚膱D畫就越容易使人忽略一些細(xì)節(jié)。例如在2005年的圖畫中，如果仔細(xì)觀察可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，是大兒子把父親踢了出來，而其他幾個(gè)兒女是做防守動(dòng)作，防止老父被踢到自己的球門。當(dāng)然在發(fā)現(xiàn)遺漏的信息之后也需要進(jìn)一步判斷是否需要將這一信息加入自己的作文中。需要說明的是，我們這里指的提綱不是考題中已經(jīng)給出的提綱，而是根據(jù)考題的提綱寫出自己的行文思路、大意和要點(diǎn)等。接下來就是正式的寫作步驟。我們來詳細(xì)分析一下三段的具體寫作要點(diǎn)（我們在本書的 高分句型 和 萬能模版 部分將分別提供對每一個(gè)段落行之有效的句型和模版）：1、第一段主要是描述圖畫中的信息和表達(dá)的含義。考生在第一句話中應(yīng)該開門見山地說明圖畫中談?wù)摰氖鞘裁词虑?；第二句話進(jìn)一步描述細(xì)節(jié)、但不要用于第一句話相同的表達(dá)方式；第三句話點(diǎn)明圖畫的象征意義。注意點(diǎn)：如果圖中有中文說明的話，要盡量將中文句子譯出或者以其他方式表達(dá)出來。但切忌生硬地翻譯中文，如1998年作文中的那首打油詩就沒有必要翻譯出來。2、第二段的全文的重點(diǎn)，一般都是要求具體分析圖畫中暗含的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。考生在提出一個(gè)總論點(diǎn)之后，可以通過 firstly, secondly, thirdly 等形式提出分支論點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行詳細(xì)闡發(fā)。在論證過程中可以采用并列論證、對比論證、舉例論證、邏輯論證等方式。注意點(diǎn)：第二段和第三段的開頭最好寫一個(gè)主題句，既可以防止離題，又符合英文寫作的習(xí)慣。同時(shí)，全文的段與段之間、句與句之間做好銜接和過渡的工作。二、圖表+ 提綱作文考研作文已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過的圖表作文包括1997年的柱狀圖（bar chart）和餅狀圖（pie chart），1999年的曲線圖（line chart / line graph）。其它常見的圖表還包括表格（table）、流程圖（flow chart）等。在進(jìn)行寫作之前，我們同樣要觀察和分析圖表。此時(shí)我們需要帶著問題去觀察：這個(gè)圖表或者這組圖表是關(guān)于什么內(nèi)容的；圖表中有哪些具體項(xiàng)目組成、分別有什么作用和含義；圖表中有哪些重要數(shù)據(jù)（可以用鉛筆在圖中圈出）；如何分析這些數(shù)據(jù)，是把重點(diǎn)放在數(shù)據(jù)本身，還是重點(diǎn)分析數(shù)據(jù)變化的趨勢。如果是一組圖表，還要分析彼此之間有什么樣的關(guān)聯(lián)；如果從圖表中得出一個(gè)中心思想或者主題句。接下來的幾個(gè)寫作步驟可以參考上文關(guān)于圖畫作文的分析，具體包括列提綱和如何組織三段論、以及最后的檢查和修改等。此外，針對圖表作文的特點(diǎn)，我們還提出了以下一個(gè)注意點(diǎn)：1、不同的圖表本身就暗示了考生應(yīng)該關(guān)注的分析點(diǎn)。如柱狀圖和曲線圖重點(diǎn)在于指出變化趨勢，而餅狀圖則側(cè)重于各個(gè)部分的數(shù)值和所占百分比、即體現(xiàn)了整體和局部的關(guān)系，流程圖在于過程和各個(gè)階段的不同情況。以上四種圖表一般都會(huì)有說明文字，如橫坐標(biāo)和縱坐標(biāo)上的說明等，需要格外關(guān)注。表格的難度相對要更高，需要考生自己找出重點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)、并仔細(xì)觀察數(shù)據(jù)來發(fā)現(xiàn)變化和趨勢等。無論哪種形式的圖表，考生萬勿簡單地羅列數(shù)據(jù)和信息，因?yàn)榭佳凶魑目疾斓闹攸c(diǎn)是分析能力。2、要密切關(guān)注圖表上一些重點(diǎn)區(qū)位，如果曲線的峰值、谷值、突然的轉(zhuǎn)折，曲線的交匯點(diǎn)。其它圖表中數(shù)值的極值，數(shù)據(jù)或者百分比大幅度增加或者減少的地方等等，這些往往都是圖表暗含的中心意思所在。3、圖表寫作的事態(tài)采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如果題目中有具體關(guān)于過去和將來時(shí)間的提示，則根據(jù)情況采用過去時(shí)和將來時(shí)。4、圖表的描述也有一些固定的表達(dá)法，考生需要在平時(shí)練習(xí)中積累（本書 高分句型 部分也提供了豐富的表達(dá)法）。5、由于圖表往往提供了比圖畫更加豐富的信息，考生需要提高鑒別分析信息的能力，找出最重要的數(shù)據(jù)。由于數(shù)據(jù)繁多，也更容易遺漏，所以最后的查漏補(bǔ)缺工作也顯得尤其重要。（4）寫作注意事項(xiàng)u詞匯英語寫作講究用詞準(zhǔn)確而且正式。同時(shí)，英語的詞匯非常豐富，一個(gè)詞語通常都有許多同義詞和近義詞。考生如果平時(shí)注意積累并加以練習(xí)，就能夠熟練在考試中運(yùn)用。下面我們舉一些英語詞匯變化的例子。help out assist; set up to establish; go up increase;cut down reduce; find out determine; look into investigate;bring up raise; come up with create; go up and down fluctuategood considerable; get obtain; a lot of numerous;things that will happen consequencesu語法英文寫作非常講究語法，尤其是考研作文作為正式文體，需要注意以下幾點(diǎn)小細(xì)節(jié)：1、盡量少用縮寫形式。如don t, can t, won t寫做do not, cannot, will not等。2、用更加正式的否定形式。如not any寫做no, not much 寫做 little, not many 寫做few等。例如：He did notsay anywords.He said nowordsThere are not manychances available.There are fewchances available.3、盡量少用 etc. , and so on 等表達(dá)方式。例如：Activities include dancing, singing, etc.Activities include dancing, singing, and other fun stuff.4、盡量把副詞和動(dòng)詞放在一起。例如：Consequentlywe may arrive at the conclusion thatWe may consequentlyarrive at the conclusion thatu標(biāo)點(diǎn)英語中沒有頓號，在漢語需要頓號的情況下可以用逗號。漢語中的引言通常都是： 的格式，而英語中不用冒號，用逗號，如, .u常用程度和語句副詞常用的程度副詞包括：absolutely, almost, awfully, completely, considerably, deeply, entirely, exactly, extremely, fairly, greatly, hardly, immensely, increasingly, more and more, much, nearly, partly, perfectly, profoundly, quite, rather, scarcely, slightly, somehow, somewhat, thoroughly, to some extent, utterly, very.常用語句副詞包括：actually, admittedly, certainly, clearly, definitely, evidently, fortunately, frankly, honestly, luckily, more importantly, naturally, surprisingly, obviously, perhaps, preferably, probably, possibly, strangely, superficially, surely, technically, theoretically, undeniably, unexpectedly, unfortunately.u常用邏輯連接詞因果關(guān)系： and so ; another important factor/reason ; as a consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for; hence; for this reason; in consequence; in that ; in view of; owing to; since; so; so that ; the reason seems obvious; there are about ; therefore; thus; obviously; evidently并列關(guān)系：and; also; as well as; both and ; either or ; neither nor ; not only but also ; in the same way; too序列關(guān)系: first , second , third , and so forth; A , B , C , and so forth; next; then; following this; at the same time; now; at this point; after; afterwards; subsequently; finally; previously; before this; simultaneously; concurrently; thus; therefore; hence; next; and then; soon遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：accordingly; as a popular saying goes ; as far as is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to ; in other words; in the first place , in the second place ; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only , but also ; not but ; lastly; for one thing , for another時(shí)空關(guān)系：afterwards; as soon as; at least; before; eventually; every; first; first of all; first and foremost; for a start; meanwhile; in the meantime; while; now; next; not until; later; formerly; previously; prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless of條件關(guān)系：as long as; even if; even though; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once; provided that; unless重復(fù)關(guān)系：in brief; as I have said; as I have noted; as has been noted; as is mentioned above比較關(guān)系：apart from; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like; likewise; rather than; similarly; similarly important; equally; when compared with; when in fact舉例關(guān)系：a good example would be; for example; for instance; in this case; in anothercase; on this occasion; in this situation; take the case of; to demonstrate; to illustrate; accordingto; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take as an example; you may say對比關(guān)系：after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; vis a vis; where; conversely; on the one hand on the other hand ; contrary to; conversely unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; oppose to; whereas; while強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系：definitely; extremely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in deed; moreover; not to mention ; what is more important; notably; that is;總結(jié)關(guān)系：accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in one word; in brief; in short; in other words; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion;overall; the conclusion can be safely drawn that ; therefore; to conclude; to sum up; summing up; as I have shown; as I have said; hence; all in all（5）提高寫作能力的整體策略和技巧眾所周知， 一口吃不成一個(gè)大胖子 ，應(yīng)對考研寫作不僅僅需要考生在考試之前進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練，更需要在平時(shí)堅(jiān)持練習(xí)和積累。1、背誦范文背誦范文就是一個(gè)很好的方法，通過朗讀和背誦，考生能夠迅速掌握并牢記各種精彩詞匯、詞組和句型，更能夠大大增強(qiáng)英語語感。而掌握語感是學(xué)會(huì)另一門語言的關(guān)鍵所在，也是一條捷徑。2、擴(kuò)大詞匯量例如，我們可以查到 show 的同義詞有：, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 等。conclude 的同義詞有：, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,greatly 的同義詞有：, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這其中的很多詞語都可以用到考研作文中。3、擴(kuò)大閱讀量。學(xué)習(xí)語言就要增大閱讀量?？忌梢栽谄綍r(shí)選取一些休閑類的英語讀物用作準(zhǔn)備考研的緊張生活中的一種調(diào)劑，如曾經(jīng)風(fēng)靡一時(shí)的 書蟲 系列等?，F(xiàn)在這類讀物在書店中隨處可見，非常容易買到。在閱讀過程中，考生要做一個(gè)有心人，隨時(shí)記下自己認(rèn)為較好的詞匯、詞組和句型。此外，還可以多看看英語報(bào)紙雜志，不僅可以學(xué)到最新的詞匯，也可以找到更多當(dāng)前社會(huì)比較流行的話題，汲取不同的思路和觀點(diǎn)，這些都與考研作文有很大的關(guān)聯(lián)?，F(xiàn)在這類出版物在國內(nèi)也越來越多，比如21st Century, China Daily等報(bào)紙，國外的雜志像有名的Times, Newsweekly, Economist等也都能夠較容易地買到過刊。不過我們不建議考生去讀大部頭的英文著作，一來消耗時(shí)間，二來大書中的詞匯反而不如報(bào)紙雜志上的靈活生動(dòng)、貼近生活。4、糾正中文思維5、考前作文復(fù)習(xí)步驟在自己搜集的資料基礎(chǔ)上，多看多讀多背，并盡量建立適合自己的各類作文模板。
